Orthopedic rod system

ABSTRACT

A tulip-shaped rod-receiving member in a spinal rod system is provided with a transverse slot accessible from the top of the tulip member for placing the rod therein until the rod seats. A locking assembly includes a cap having inclined surfaces that cooperate with inclined surfaces on the rod-receiving member to lock and bias inwardly the rod-receiving member relative to the cap. A novel seating ring is provided for the bone screw to be supported in the tulip in a manner that maximizes support and optimizes axial alignment of forces.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to, and claims priority from, the following earlier-filed U.S. Provisional Patent Applications: (Ser. Nos.) 60/423,168 (filed 4 Nov. 2002); 60/479,822 (filed 20 Jun. 2003). Each is incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to orthopedic implantable devices, related systems, and associated methods of use and, more particularly, to a pedicle screw and rod system and associated method for joining two or more bone segments, such as vertebrae,

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pedicle screw systems used for fastening spinal rod systems to the pedicle region of two or more vertebral bodies exist in a variety of forms. Successive designs have strived to attain optimal levels of performance, costs, and ease of use. Some known pedicle screw systems provide a locking cap that is threadingly received into a holding sleeve. To lock the pedicle screw relative to the rod the cap is placed into the sleeve (the rod positioned therebetween), and the cap is tightened. This task is difficult since the surgeon must manipulate and tighten the cap while holding the pedicle screw and rod at a particular desired angle. Associated problems are difficulty of installation and cross-threading.

Alternative designs include cams or circular ramps to reduce the number of turns required to lock the cap. Such designs require costly and precise tolerances and are difficult to use during surgery.

OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide pedicle screw and rod system that overcomes the above-described shortcomings associated with prior, known designs.

These and other objects are described below or inherent with respect to the present invention.

In one aspect of the present invention, a tulip-shaped rod-receiving member is provided with a transverse slot accessible from the top of the tulip member for placing the rod therein until the rod seats. A locking assembly includes a cap having transversely aligned wings that are passed through the slot and then, as the cap is rotated, positioned into dove-tail like grooves that prevent the cap from being backed out. A set screw positioned through the cap is tightened against the rod applying downward force thereto while transmitting upward force to the tulip via the dovetail groove. The groove has angled sides that cooperate with angled sides of the cap wings so that as force is increased, the angle sides slide relative to each other in a manner that applies closing force to the tulip, rather than spreading force.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a tulip-shaped receiving member with a slot for receiving a rod has at least two inverted shoulders that have downwardly-facing contact surfaces that incline upwardly in a direction radially outwardly from a center axis of the tulip. A locking cap is provided having at least two shoulders that have upwardly-facing contact surfaces that incline upwardly in a direction radially outwardly from a center axis of the cap, so that the respective inclined surfaces of the cap and the tulip matingly engage. Thus, when a tightening screw is advanced through a central opening in the cap to exert pressure on a rod positioned through the tulip-slot, the reaction force transmitted to the screw is transferred to the inclined surfaces causing the walls of the tulip to be biased radially inwardly as the rod is locked increasingly.

Another aspect of the present invention, specifically directed to the embodiments described below relating to multi-axis systems, provides that due to the novel design of a seated bone screw, maximum alignment of locking forces can be achieved with minimal sizing of a screw head.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a pedicle screw and rod system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a side, cross-sectional view of the pedicle screw and rod system according to FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a partial, cross-sectional view of the pedicle screw and rod system according to FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a partial, cross-sectional view of the pedicle screw and rod system according to FIG. 1, shown in the un-locked position and viewed at 90 degrees with respect to FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a partial, cross-sectional view of the pedicle screw and rod system according to FIG. 1, shown in the locked position and viewed at 90 degrees with respect to FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a schematic, perspective view of a component of the pedicle screw and rod system according to FIG. 1, having exaggerated dimensions for illustrative purposes.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a pedicle screw and rod system according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a pedicle screw and rod system according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a pedicle screw and rod system according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic, cross-sectional view of a prior art pedicle screw and rod system.

FIG. 11 is a front, cross-sectional view of a pedicle screw and rod system according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 12A and 12B are partial, side, cross-sectional views of a pedicle screw and rod system according to FIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a pedicle screw and rod system according to Fig.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIGS. 1-3, a pedicle screw (10) according to the present invention includes a first end (12) adapted to be driven into bone, a threaded intermediate portion (14), and a head (16) having a semicircular profile. The screw (10) is positioned through a central opening (18) in a rod-receiving cup (20). The cup (20) has a lower, conical interior surface (22) that the head (16) pivotally rests in. The head (16) also includes a dome top (24) and a driver-engaging socket (26).

The cup (20) has two opposed slots (28) forming a yoke through which a rod (30) is received. A lower surface (36) of a seat element (32) rests in slideable contact with the dome top (24) of the screw head (16). The upper surface (34) of the seat element (32) contacts the rod (30). An upper cap (38) is received in the upper end of the cup (20) above the rod (30). A locking threaded screw (40) having a tool engaging socket (44) is tightened through a central, threaded opening (42) in the cap (38) so that the locking screw (40) contacts the rod (30).

As the locking screw (40) is tightened, it is driven against the rod, thereby causing upward displacement of the cap (38). Because the cap (38) is constrained against upward movement by the cup (20), and the rod (30) and seat element (32) are constrained against downward movement by the screw head (16), which bottoms out against the inner surface (22) of the cup (20), these components are all locked relative to each other by turning of the locking screw (40). FIG. 4 illustrates an unlocked condition, and FIG. 5 illustrates a locked condition. These modes facilitate angular selection and locking of the pedicle screw (10).

The cap (38) is constrained against upward movement by the cup (20) due to its upwardly tapering ramps (46), which correspond to an inverted, matching inner wall (48) of the cup (20) interior, as shown in FIGS. 4-5. The cap (38) has opposed, radially extending wings (50, 52) with top arms, (54, 56) having downwardly-extending ends (58, 60) and ramps (46).

In order to more clearly illustrate the locking features of the cap (38), a schematic illustration of the cap (38) is shown in FIG. 6 having exaggerated dimensions. The wings (50, 52) can be aligned within the yoke formed by the slots (28), and then turned ninety degrees to position the ramps (46) into engagement with the cup inner wall (48). The downwardly-extending ends (58, 60) of the arms (54, 56) engage the outside surface of the cap (38) to prevent radially outward deflection or deformation of the cup (20) as the locking screw (40) is advanced against the rod (30) causing the cap (38) to be biased upwardly against the tapered inner surface (48) of the cup (20).

This design allows loose retention of the components relative to the rod so a surgeon can easily make adjustments. It also enables superior performance without the need for costly high tolerancing.

A second embodiment of the present invention, shown in FIG. 7, is directed to fixed axis pedicle screw (100) having a shaft (102), such as a threaded shaft, and a head (104) integrally formed. The head (104) has a slotted opening (106) similar to that described above with respect to the first embodiment of the present invention designed to cooperate with a cap member (108) having wings (110) with angled surfaces (112) of the type described with respect to the first embodiment. A set screw (114) is designed to apply downward force to a rod (116) as described above with respect to the first embodiment: The wings (110) are passed through the slot (116) and then, as the cap (108) is rotated, positioned into dove-tail like grooves (118) that prevent the cap from being backed out. A set screw (114) positioned through the cap (108) is tightened against the rod (116) applying downward force thereto while transmitting upward force to the tulip via the dovetail groove (118). The groove (118) has angled sides (120) that cooperate with angled sides (112) of the cap wings so that as force is increased, the angle sides (120, 112) slide relative to each other in a manner that applies closing force to the tulip, rather than spreading force.

A third embodiment of the present invention as shown schematically in FIG. 8 is essentially similar to the first embodiment described herein, except that it utilizes a seat sleeve (200) for seating the screw head (202) relative to the cup (204) or tulip. In this embodiment, the use of the seat sleeve (200) enables a smaller screw head (202) to be used, while enabling a wide range of angular positioning of the screw (206) relative to the cup (204) that would otherwise be unattainable without the seat sleeve (200). The sleeve (200) retains the screw (206) in an opening of the cup (204) that the screw (206) would otherwise fall through. As illustrated with respect to FIGS. 9-10, the third embodiment of the present invention, represented schematically in FIG. 9, enables the center (210) of the screw head (214) to remain vertically aligned with the center (212) of the rod (208). Referring to the schematic of the PRIOR ART in FIG. 10, the size of the screw head (300) relative to the cup (302) and its opening causes the center (304) of the head (300) to move out of vertical alignment with the center (306) of the rod by a distance “a”. The superior alignment of the centers of the rod and the screw head achieved by the present invention distributes loads more equally within the cup, on the supporting structures, through the rod, and finally to the ramped surfaces of the cup dovetail groove and the cap angled surfaces. This relatively even stress distribution and efficient use of existing forces internal to the system provide superior performance and locking of the screw relative to the rod assembly.

With references to FIGS. 11-13, the third embodiment schematically represented in FIGS. 8-9 is illustrated by way of example in a pedicle screw and rod system (400). A pedicle screw (402) having a generally hemispherical head (404) suspended in a tulip (406) having a slot (408) for receiving an orthopedic rod such as a spinal rod (410). The tulip (406) has two sidewalls (412, 414) formed adjacent to the slot (408). Each sidewall (412; 414) has an inverted shoulder (416, 418) formed on the inner side of the sidewall. The inverted shoulders (416, 418) are inclined upwardly in a radially outward direction as shown. A cap (420) having two shoulders (422, 424), each being inclined upwardly in a radially outward direction as shown, is adapted to be positioned in the tulip (406) as shown. For optimal performance, it is preferable that the incline of the inverted shoulders (416, 418) be greater, or steeper, than the incline of the cap shoulders (422, 424), though they could also be approximately equal or less.

In use, the pedicle screw (402) is driven into bone while it is seated on a seat ring (426) that rests in a conically-tapering bottom opening (428) of the tulip (406). Because the ring (426) is a spacer between the screw head (404) and the tapered contact surface (430) inside the tulip (406), it enables a smaller profiled head (404) and screw thickness relative to the tulip opening (428), thus facilitating a wide range of angular adjustment of the pedicle screw (402) relative to the tulip (406). This is a significant improvement over known designs.

After the pedicle screw (402) is driven into the bone, a spacer cap (432) having a contoured lower contact surface (434) for engaging the screw head (404) and an upper contact surface (436) for engaging the rod (410) is positioned as shown in FIG. 11. The rod (410) is positioned, via the slot (408) to the position shown in FIG. 11, and the cap (420) is placed into the top of the tulip (406). The tulip (406) and pedicle screw (402) are manipulated to a relative angular orientation that is desired and held in such a position while the tightening screw (438) in the center of the cap (420) is advanced toward the rod (410). The tightening screw (438) is preferably threaded on its exterior and adapted to mate with threads on the interior of a hole in the center of the cap (420), as shown in FIG. 11. As the tightening screw (438) is advanced into contact with the rod (410) and further advanced, reaction forces transmitted from the rod (410) to the screw (438) are transmitted to the inclined shoulders (416, 418) of the sidewalls and the shoulders (422, 424) of the cap (420). The action of the inclined surfaces of the tulip shoulders (416, 418) and the cap shoulders (422, 424) being drawn against each other causes the sidewalls (412, 414) to be drawn radially inwardly, more tightly as the rod (410) is more tightly secured by the tightening screw (438). The tightening screw (428) is provided with a driving engagement feature (440) for applying turning torque. Because of the selected radius dimension of the screw head (404) and its point of suspension relative to the tulip (406), pivotal adjustment and locking of the pedicle screw (402) relative to the tulip (406) will always result in the force of the tightening screw (438) being directed along a line that intersects the center of the screw head (404).

While the present invention has been described herein, various modification may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. 

1. A spinal rod system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said system comprising a first fastener fixed to a first vertebra; a second fastener fixed to a second vertebra; a rod extending at least between said first and second fasteners; a rod retention assembly associated with each fastener for retaining said rod relative to each respective fastener; each said rod retention assembly comprising a cup having an open top end and an open bottom end; said bottom end of said cup having a generally circular hole forming a bottom opening, said bottom opening being sized large enough to allow a portion of said respective fastener to pass through while retaining another portion of said fastener in said cup; said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall; said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface that tapers generally outwardly in a downward direction from said uppermost portion; a cap associated with each cup being generally cylindrically shaped and having a pair of diametrically opposed tapered outer surfaces that taper radially outwardly, and having a pair of wing portions extending radially outwardly, said pair of wings further comprising vertically extending end surfaces; whereby with respect to each cup, said rod is received in each of said slots and said cap is positioned in said cup above said rod in a manner in which said tapered surfaces contact said interior wall surfaces and said vertically extending surfaces contact the outer surface of said generally cylindrical walls.
 2. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a screw associated with each cap and adapted to be inserted through a screw hole in said cap and further adapted to be tightened to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup.
 3. A system according to claim 2, wherein each said fastener is adapted to be locked with respect to its associated cup by progressive tightening of said respective screw.
 4. A system according to claim 1, wherein each said fastener is a screw having a head of a diameter greater than the diameter of said bottom opening, and having a threaded shaft of a diameter less than the diameter of said bottom opening.
 5. A system according to claim 4, wherein the lower portion of said screw head is generally hemispherically shaped.
 6. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a generally, inwardly tapered conical surface formed on the interior of said cup and surrounding said bottom opening.
 7. A system according to claim 5, further comprising a generally, inwardly tapered conical surface formed on the interior of said cup and surrounding said bottom opening, wherein said lower portion of said screw head rests on said conical surface in a manner in which said threaded shaft may be adjusted in angular orientation relative to said cup.
 8. A system according to claim 7, further comprising a seat spacer adapted to rest on top of each said fastener head and to be positioned beneath said rod, thereby supporting said rod relative to said fastener.
 9. A system according to claim 8, wherein the top surface of each said fastener head is generally dome-shaped and each said seat spacer has a complementary contact surface that contacts said top surface of said respective fastener head in a manner permitting angular adjustment of said respective fastener relative to said seat spacer.
 10. A system according to claim 1, further comprising a sleeve ring associated with each cup adapted to be positioned in said cup adjacent to said bottom opening and further adapted to support said associated fastener in said cup.
 11. A spinal rod system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said system comprising a first fastener fixed to a first vertebra; a second fastener fixed to a second vertebra; a rod extending at least between said first and second fasteners; a rod retention assembly associated with each fastener for retaining said rod relative to each respective fastener; each said rod retention assembly comprising a cup having an open top end and an open bottom end; said bottom end of said cup having a generally circular hole forming a bottom opening, said bottom opening being sized large enough to allow said respective fastener to pass through; a sleeve ring associated with each cup adapted to be positioned in said cup adjacent to said bottom opening and further adapted to support said associated fastener in said cup, whereby the inner diameter of said ring is large enough to allow a portion of said fastener to pass therethrough while retaining another portion of said fastener in said cup; said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall; said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface that tapers generally outwardly in a downward direction from said uppermost portion; a cap associated with each cup being generally cylindrically shaped and having a pair of diametrically opposed tapered outer surfaces that taper radially outwardly, and having a pair of wing portions extending radially outwardly, said pair of wings further comprising vertically extending end surfaces; whereby with respect to each cup, said rod is received in each of said slots and said cap is positioned in said cup above said rod in a manner in which said tapered surfaces contact said interior wall surfaces and said vertically extending surfaces contact the outer surface of said generally cylindrical walls.
 12. A system according to claim 11, further comprising a screw associated with each cap and adapted to be inserted through a screw hole in said cap and further adapted to be tightened to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup.
 13. A system according to claim 12, wherein each said fastener is adapted to be locked with respect to its associated cup by progressive tightening of said respective screw.
 14. A system according to claim 11, wherein each said fastener is a screw having a head of a diameter greater than the inner diameter of said sleeve ring, and having a threaded shaft of a diameter less than the inner diameter of said sleeve ring.
 15. A system according to claim 14, wherein the lower portion of said screw head is generally hemispherically shaped.
 16. A system according to claim 11, further comprising a generally, inwardly tapered conical surface formed on the interior of said cup and surrounding said bottom opening.
 17. A system according to claim 15, further comprising a generally, inwardly tapered conical surface formed on the interior of said cup and surrounding said bottom opening, wherein said sleeve ring rests on said conical surface and said lower portion of said screw head rests on said sleeve ring in a manner in which said threaded shaft may be adjusted in angular orientation relative to said cup.
 18. A system according to claim 17, further comprising a seat spacer adapted to rest on top of each said fastener head and to be positioned beneath said rod, thereby supporting said rod relative to said fastener.
 19. A system according to claim 18, wherein the top surface of each said fastener head is generally dome-shaped and each said seat spacer has a complementary contact surface that contacts said top surface of said respective fastener head in a manner permitting angular adjustment of said respective fastener relative to said seat spacer.
 20. A spinal rod system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said system comprising a first fastener fixed to a first vertebra; a second fastener fixed to a second vertebra; a rod extending at least between said first and second fasteners; a rod retention assembly associated with each fastener for retaining said rod relative to each respective fastener; each said rod retention assembly comprising a cup having an open top end and being fixed to said respective fastener at a bottom end, said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall; said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface that tapers generally outwardly in a downward direction from said uppermost portion; a cap associated with each cup being generally cylindrically shaped and having a pair of diametrically opposed tapered outer surfaces that taper radially outwardly, and having a pair of wing portions extending radially outwardly, said pair of wings further comprising vertically extending end surfaces; whereby with respect to each cup, said rod is received in each of said slots and said cap is positioned in said cup above said rod in a manner in which said tapered surfaces contact said interior wall surfaces and said vertically extending surfaces contact the outer surface of said generally cylindrical walls.
 21. A system according to claim 20, further comprising a screw associated with each cap and adapted to be inserted through a screw hole in said cap and further adapted to be tightened to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup.
 22. A system according to claim 21, wherein each said fastener is adapted to be locked with respect to its associated cup by progressive tightening of said respective screw.
 23. A method of installing a spinal rod system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said method comprising inserting a first fastener into a first rod retention cup; inserting a second fastener into a second rod retention cup; installing said first fastener into a first vertebra; installing said second fastener into a second vertebra; positioning a rod into each of said first and second retention cups so that said rod extends at least between said first and second fasteners; wherein each said rod retention cup has an open top end and an open bottom end, and said bottom end of said cup having a generally circular hole forming a bottom opening, said bottom opening being sized large enough to allow a portion of said respective fastener to pass through while retaining another portion of said fastener in said cup, and said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall, said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface that tapers generally outwardly in a downward direction from said uppermost portion; and installing a cap into each cup above said rod, each said cap being generally cylindrically shaped and having a pair of diametrically opposed tapered outer surfaces that taper radially outwardly, and having a pair of wing portions extending radially outwardly, said pair of wings further comprising vertically extending end surfaces, and said tapered surfaces contact said interior wall surfaces and said vertically extending surfaces contact the outer surface of said generally cylindrical walls.
 24. A method according to claim 23, further comprising advancing a screw positioned in each cap through a screw hole in said cap in a manner in which said screw is tightened against said rod to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup.
 25. A method of installing a spinal rod system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said method comprising inserting a first sleeve ring into a first rod retention cup; inserting a second sleeve ring into a second rod retention cup inserting a first fastener into said first rod retention cup such that a portion of said first fastener rests on said first sleeve ring within said first cup and another portion of said first fastener extends through said first sleeve ring and out of said first cup; inserting a second fastener into a second rod retention cup such that a portion of said second fastener rests on said second sleeve ring within said second cup and another portion of said second fastener extends through said second ring and out of said second cup; installing said first fastener into a first vertebra; installing said second fastener into a second vertebra; positioning a rod into each of said first and second retention cups so that said rod extends at least between said first and second fasteners; wherein each said rod retention cup has an open top end and an open bottom end, and said bottom end of said cup having a generally circular hole forming a bottom opening, said bottom opening being sized large enough to allow a portion of said respective fastener to pass through while retaining another portion of said fastener in said cup, and said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall, said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface that tapers generally outwardly in a downward direction from said uppermost portion; and installing a cap into each cup above said rod, each said cap being generally cylindrically shaped and having a pair of diametrically opposed tapered outer surfaces that taper radially outwardly, and having a pair of wing portions extending radially outwardly, said pair of wings further comprising vertically extending end surfaces, and said tapered surfaces contact said interior wall surfaces and said vertically extending surfaces contact the outer surface of said generally cylindrical walls.
 26. A method according to claim 25, further comprising advancing a screw positioned in each cap through a screw hole in said cap in a manner in which said screw is tightened against said rod to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup.
 27. A spinal rod system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said system comprising a first fastener fixed to a first vertebra; a second fastener fixed to a second vertebra; a rod extending at least between said first and second fasteners; a rod retention assembly associated with each fastener for retaining said rod relative to each respective fastener; each said rod retention assembly comprising a cup having an open top end and an open bottom end; said bottom end of said cup having a generally circular hole forming a bottom opening, said bottom opening being sized large enough to allow a portion of said respective fastener to pass through while retaining another portion of said fastener in said cup; said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall; said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface with at least two inverted shoulders, each inverted shoulder having a contact surface that is inclined in a direction radially outwardly from a center axis of said cup; a cap associated with each cup being generally cylindrically shaped and having at least two shoulders extending radially outward and each having a shoulder with a contact surface that is inclined in a direction radially outwardly from a center of said cap; whereby with respect to each cup, said rod is received in each of said slots and said cap is positioned in said cup above said rod in a manner in which said respective contact surfaces of said cup and said cap contact each other.
 28. A system according to claim 27, further comprising a screw associated with each cap and adapted to be inserted through a screw hole in said cap and further adapted to be tightened to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup and to draw said respective contact surfaces against each other in a manner in which said generally cylindrical wall is biased radially inwardly.
 29. A system according to claim 28, wherein each said fastener is adapted to be locked with respect to its associated cup by progressive tightening of said respective screw.
 30. A system according to claim 27, further comprising a sleeve ring associated with each cup adapted to be positioned in said cup adjacent to said bottom opening and further adapted to support said associated fastener in said cup.
 31. A system according to claim 30, further comprising a generally, inwardly tapered conical surface formed on the interior of said cup and surrounding said bottom opening, wherein said sleeve ring is positioned against said conical surface between said cup and said fastener in a manner in which said fastener is supported entirely by said sleeve ring. a generally, inwardly tapered conical surface formed on the interior of said cup and surrounding said bottom opening, wherein said lower portion of said screw head rests on said conical surface in a manner in which said threaded shaft may be adjusted in angular orientation relative to said cup.
 32. A system according to claim 27, further comprising a fastener head associated with each fastener; and a seat spacer adapted to rest on top of each said fastener head and to be positioned beneath said rod, thereby supporting said rod relative to said fastener.
 33. A system according to claim 32, wherein the top surface of each said fastener head is generally dome-shaped and each said seat spacer has a complementary contact surface that contacts said top surface of said respective fastener head in a manner permitting angular adjustment of said respective fastener relative to said seat spacer.
 34. A system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said system comprising a first fastener fixed to a first vertebra; a second fastener fixed to a second vertebra; a rod extending at least between said first and second fasteners; a rod retention assembly associated with each fastener for retaining said rod relative to each respective fastener; each said rod retention assembly comprising a cup having an open top end and an open bottom end; said bottom end of said cup having a generally circular hole forming a bottom opening, said bottom opening being sized large enough to allow said respective fastener to pass through; a sleeve ring associated with each cup adapted to be positioned in said cup adjacent to said bottom opening and further adapted to support said associated fastener in said cup, whereby the inner diameter of said ring is large enough to allow a portion of said fastener to pass therethrough while retaining another portion of said fastener in said cup; said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall; said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface with at least two inverted shoulders, each inverted shoulder having a contact surface that is inclined in a direction radially outwardly from a center axis of said cup; a cap associated with each cup being generally cylindrically shaped and having at least two shoulders extending radially outward and each having a shoulder with a contact surface that is inclined in a direction radially outwardly from a center of said cap, whereby with respect to each cup, said rod is received in each of said slots and said cap is positioned in said cup above said rod in a manner in which said respective contact surfaces of said cup and said cap contact each other.
 35. A system according to claim 34, further comprising a screw associated with each cap and adapted to be inserted through a screw hole in said cap and further adapted to be tightened to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup.
 36. A system according to claim 35, wherein each said fastener is adapted to be locked with respect to its associated cup by progressive tightening of said respective screw.
 37. A system according to claim 34, wherein each said fastener is a screw having a head of a diameter greater than the inner diameter of said sleeve ring, and having a threaded shaft of a diameter less than the inner diameter of said sleeve ring.
 38. A system according to claim 37, wherein the lower portion of said screw head is generally hemispherically shaped.
 39. A system according to claim 34, further comprising a generally, inwardly tapered conical surface formed on the interior of said cup and surrounding said bottom opening.
 40. A system according to claim 38, further comprising a generally, inwardly tapered conical surface formed on the interior of said cup and surrounding said bottom opening, wherein said sleeve ring rests on said conical surface and said lower portion of said screw head rests on said sleeve ring in a manner in which said threaded shaft may be adjusted in angular orientation relative to said cup.
 41. A system according to claim 40, further comprising a seat spacer adapted to rest on top of each said fastener head and to be positioned beneath said rod, thereby supporting said rod relative to said fastener.
 42. A system according to claim 41, wherein the top surface of each said fastener head is generally dome-shaped and each said seat spacer has a complementary contact surface that contacts said top surface of said respective fastener head in a manner permitting angular adjustment of said respective fastener relative to said seat spacer.
 43. A method of installing a spinal rod system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said method comprising inserting a first fastener into a first rod retention cup; inserting a second fastener into a second rod retention cup; installing said first fastener into a first vertebra; installing said second fastener into a second vertebra; positioning a rod into each of said first and second retention cups so that said rod extends at least between said first and second fasteners; wherein each said rod retention cup has an open top end and an open bottom end, and said bottom end of said cup having a generally circular hole forming a bottom opening, said bottom opening being sized large enough to allow a portion of said respective fastener to pass through while retaining another portion of said fastener in said cup, and said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall, said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface with at least two inverted shoulders that each taper generally outwardly in an upward direction; and installing a cap into each cup above said rod, each said cap being generally cylindrically shaped and having a pair of shoulders extending radially outwardly and in an upward direction, and said shoulders contact said inverted shoulders.
 44. A method according to claim 43, further comprising advancing a screw positioned in each cap through a screw hole in said cap in a manner in which said screw is tightened against said rod to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup.
 45. A method according to claim 43, further comprising advancing a screw positioned in each cap through a screw hole in said cap in a manner in which said screw is tightened against said rod to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup, and in order to draw said shoulders and said inverted shoulders into each other in a manner causing said generally cylindrical wall to be biased inwardly.
 46. A method of installing a spinal rod system for bridging one or more adjacent vertebrae, said method comprising inserting a first sleeve ring into a first rod retention cup, inserting a second sleeve ring into a second rod retention cup inserting a first fastener into said first rod retention cup such that a portion of said first fastener rests on said first sleeve ring within said first cup and another portion of said first fastener extends through said first sleeve ring and out of said first cup; inserting a second fastener into a second rod retention cup such that a portion of said second fastener rests on said second sleeve ring within said second cup and another portion of said second fastener extends through said second ring and out of said second cup; installing said first fastener into a first vertebra; installing said second fastener into a second vertebra; positioning a rod into each of said first and second retention cups so that said rod extends at least between said first and second fasteners; wherein each said rod retention cup has an open top end and an open bottom end, and said bottom end of said cup having a generally circular hole forming a bottom opening, said bottom opening being sized large enough to allow a portion of said respective fastener to pass through while retaining another portion of said fastener in said cup, and said top end of said cup having a top opening and a generally cylindrical wall defining said top opening, said wall having at least two slots diametrically opposed to each other and extending downwardly from the uppermost portion of said wall, said generally cylindrical wall having an interior cylindrical wall surface with at least two inverted shoulders that each taper generally outwardly in an upward direction; and installing a cap into each cup above said rod, each said cap being generally cylindrically shaped and having a pair of shoulders extending radially outwardly and in an upward direction, and said shoulders contact said inverted shoulders.
 47. A method according to claim 46, further comprising advancing a screw positioned in each cap through a screw hole in said cap in a manner in which said screw is tightened against said rod to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup.
 48. A method according to claim 46, further comprising; advancing a screw positioned in each cap through a screw hole in said cap in a manner in which said screw is tightened against said rod to apply pressure to said rod in order to lock said rod relative to said cup, and in order to draw said shoulders and said inverted shoulders into each other in a manner causing said generally cylindrical wall to be biased inwardly.
 49. A support ring for use in a pedicle screw system, said ring comprising a split-ring body adapted to be received in a cup-shaped spinal rod and pedicle screw retainer, said body being adapted to rest on top of a pedicle screw head and to support said rod thereon.
 50. A ring according to claim 49, wherein said body is resilient and is adapted to engage an inner circumferential surface of said retainer.
 51. A ring according to claim 50, wherein said body is adapted to be positioned in a groove on said inner circumferential surface.
 52. A ring according to claim 49, wherein said head and said ring are relatively sized such that said ring is fit around said head.
 53. A ring according to claim 52, wherein said ring is resiliently expanded when fit around said head.
 54. A seat sleeve for use in a pedicle screw system, said sleeve comprising a generally ring-shaped body having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein said outer surface is adapted to engage the inner diameter of a cup-shaped spinal rod and pedicle screw retainer, and said inner surface is adapted to support a bone screw suspended therefrom.
 55. A sleeve according to claim 54, wherein said outer surface engages said inner diameter near a bottom opening of said retainer.
 56. A sleeve according to claim 54, wherein the outer diameter of said outer surface varies in a vertical direction.
 57. A sleeve according to claim 54, wherein the inner diameter of said inner surface varies in a vertical direction.
 58. A sleeve according to claim 54, wherein said outer surface is tapered.
 59. A sleeve according to claim 54, wherein said inner surface is tapered.
 60. A sleeve according to claim 54, wherein a vertical height dimension of said sleeve is greater than the difference between an outer diameter of said sleeve and an inner diameter of said sleeve.
 61. A pedicle screw and rod retention system comprising a cup-shaped first retention member having at least one slot for receiving a rod member therein, an open chamber for housing part of a fastener therein, a bottom opening from which part of said fastener extends, a top opening, and at least one inclined surface; and a second retention member having at least one inclined surface that engages said inclined surface of said retention member.
 62. A system according to claim 61, further comprising a tensioning mechanism that selectively increases force between said inclined surfaces.
 63. A system according to claim 61, further comprising a tensioning mechanism that selectively increases force between said inclined surfaces and that biases a portion of said first retention member radially inwardly toward its central axis.
 64. A system according to claim 61, further comprising a rod engaging mechanism mounted in said second retention member that engages said rod.
 65. A system according to claim 61, further comprising a rod engaging mechanism mounted in said second retention member that engages said rod and that selectively increases force between said inclined surfaces.
 66. A system according to claim 61, further comprising a rod engaging mechanism mounted in said second retention member that engages said rod, that selectively increases force between said inclined surfaces, and that biases a portion of said first retention member radially inwardly toward its central axis.
 67. A system according to claim 61, further comprising a rod engaging mechanism mounted in said second retention member that engages said rod, that selectively increases force applied to the rod, that selectively increases force between said inclined surfaces, and that biases a portion of said first retention member radially inwardly toward its central axis. 